THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY

VOLUME X

THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY

SECOND EDITION

VOLUME X

The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.—a.d. 69

edited by ALAN K. BOWMAN

Student of Christ Church, Oxford

EDWARD CHAMPLIN

Professor of Classics, Princeton University

ANDREW LINTOTT

Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Worcester College, Oxford

Cambridge

UNIVERSITY PRESS

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vie 32.07, Australia

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© Cambridge University Press 1996

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1996 Fifth printing 2006

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Catalogue card number: 75-85719

isbn 0 521 26430 8 hardback

CONTENTS

'List of maps page xiv

List of text-figures xv

List of tables xv

List of stemmata xv

Preface xix

PART I NARRATIVE

The triumviral period i by Christopher pelling, Fellow andPraelector in

Classics, University College, Oxford

I The triumvirate i

II Philippi, 42 b.c. 5

The East, 42—40 в.с. 9

Perusia, 41-40 в.с. 14 V Brundisium and Misenum, 40-39 b.c. 17

VI The East, 39-37 в.с. zi

VII Tarentum, 37 в.с. 24

VIII The year 36 в.с. 27

IX 35—33 в.с. 36

X Preparation: 3 2 B.C. 48

XI Actium, 31 в.с. 54

XII Alexandria, 30 в.с. 59

XIII Retrospect 65

Endnote: Constitutional questions 67

Political history, 30 в.с. to a.d. 14 70 by j. a. crook, Fellow of St John's College, and Emeritus Professor of Ancient History in the University of Cambridge

I Introduction 70

II 30-17 в.с. 73

III 16 b.c.—a.d. 14 94Augustus: power, authority, achievement 113 by j.a. crook

I Power 113

II Authority 117

III Achievement 123

The expansion of the empire under Augustus 147 by erich s. gruen, Professor of History and Classics,

University of California, Berkeley

Egypt, Ethiopia and Arabia 148 II Asia Minor 151

Judaea and Syria 154

Armenia and Parthia 15 8

Spain 163 VI Africa 166

VII The Alps 169

VIII The Balkans 171

IX Germany 178

X Imperial ideology 188

XI Conclusion 194

Tiberius to Nero 198 by т. e.j. Wiedemann, Reader in the History of the Roman Empire, University of Bristol

I The accession of Tiberius and the nature of politics

under the Julio-Claudians 198

II The reign of Tiberius 209

Gaius Caligula 221

Claudius 229

Nero 241

From Nero to Vespasian 2 5 6 by t.e.j. wiedemann

I A.D. 68 256

II A.d. 69—70 265

PART II THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE EMPIRE

The imperial court 283 by andrew wallace-hadrill, Professor of Classics at

the University of Reading

I Introduction 283

Access and ritual: court society 285

Patronage, power and government 296

Conclusion 306

The Imperial finances 309 by d. w. rath bone, Reader in Ancient History, King's

College London

The Senate and senatorial and equestrian posts 3 24 by Richard j.a. talbert, William Rand Kenan, Jr,

Professor of History, and Adjunct Professor of Classics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

I The Senate 324

II Senatorial and equestrian posts 357

Provincial administration and taxation 344

by ALAN K. BOWMAN

I Rome, the emperor and the provinces 344

II Structure 351

Function 357

Conclusion 367

The army and the navy ■ 371 by lawrence keppie, Reader in Roman Archaeology, Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow

I The army of the late Republic 371

II The army in the civil wars, 49-30 b.c. 373

The army and navy of Augustus 3 76

Army and navy under the Julio-Claudians 387 V The Roman army in a.d. 70 393

The administration of justice 397 by h. galsterer, Professor of Ancient History at the

Rheinische Friedrich- Wtlhelms- Universitdt, Bonn

PART III ITALY AND THE PROVINCES

The West 414

13a Italy and Rome from Sulla to Augustus 414

by m. h. Crawford, Professor of Ancient History, University College London

I Extent of Romanization 414

II Survival of local cultures 424

13 b Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica 434

by r.j. a. Wilson, Professor of Archaeology, University of Nottinghamijf Spain 449

by g. alfoldy, Professor of Ancient History in the University of Heidelberg

I Conquest, provincial administration and military

organization 449

II Urbanization 455

Economy and society 458

The impact of Romanization 461

13 d Gaul 464 by c. goudineau, Profosseur du College de France (chaire d' Antiquites nationales)

I Introduction 464

II Gallia Narbonensis 471

III Tres Galliae 487

13* Britain 43 в.с. to a.d. 69 503 by john wacher, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Leicester

I Pre-conquest period 503

II The invasion and its aftermath 5 06

Organization of the province 510

Urbanization and communications 511 V Rural settlement 513

VI Trade and industry 514

VII Religion 515

13/ Germany 517 by c. ruger, Honorary Professor, Bonn University

I Introduction 517

II Roman Germany, 16 b.c.-a.d. 17 524

III The period of the establishment of the military zone

(a.d. 14-90) 528

13g Raetia 535

by h. wolff, Professor of Ancient History, University of Passau

I 'Raetia' before Claudius 537

The Claudian province 541

13h The Danubian and Balkan provinces 545

by j.j. wilkes, Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London

I The advance to the Danube and beyond, 43 b.c.-a.d. 6 545

II Rebellion in Illyricum and the annexation of Thrace (a.d.

6-69) 5 5 3

The Danube peoples 5 5 8

IV Provinces and armies 565

Roman colonization and the organization of the native

peoples 573

13i Roman Africa: Augustus to Vespasian 586 by c.r. whittaker, Fellow of Churchill College, and formerly Lecturer in Classics in the University of Cambridge

I Before Augustus 586

II Africa and the civil wars, 44—51 b.c. 590

Augustan expansion 591

Tiberius and Tacfarinas 593

Gaius to Nero 5 96

VI The administration and organization of the province 600

VII Cities and colonies 603

VIII Romanization and resistance 610

IX The economy 615

X Roman imperialism 616

13/ Cyrene 619 by joyce Reynolds, Fellow of Newnham College, and Emeritus Reader in Roman Historical Epigraphy in the University of Cambridge and j. a. lloyd, Lecturer in Archaeology in the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Wolf son College

I Introduction 619

II The country 622

The population, its distribution, organization and

internal relationships 625

From the death of Caesar to the close of the Marmaric

War (c. a.d. 6/7) 630

a.d. 4-7O 636

14 The East 641

14л Greece (including Crete and Cyprus) and Asia Minor

from 43 b.c. to a.d. 69 641 by в. m. levic к, Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St Hilda's College, Oxford

I Geography and development 641

II The triumviral period 645

The Augustan restoration 647

Consolidation under the Julio-Claudians 663

Conclusion: first fruits 672

14b Egypt 676

by alan k. bowman

I The Roman conquest 676

II Bureaucracy and administration 679

Economy and society 693

Alexandria 699 V Conclusion 702

14c Syria 703

by DAVID Kennedy, Senior Lecturer, Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Western