good.

The possessive form is swa-ney (one's own, my own, your own, our own, their own):

bay swa-ney okos — with one's own eyes.

The pronoun wan

It means an individual:

Pyan wan — (someone who is) drunk.

Adulte wan — an adult.

Wan kel es hir, chu! — (The one) who is here, come out!

Wan kel jan, ta bu shwo. — He who knows, he doesn't speak (the one who knows, doesn't speak).

Toy wan kel yao mog go wek. — Those who want may go away.

The system of pronouns and adverbs

In LdP there is a system of compound pronouns and adverbs. Its important elements are:

koy — some

eni — any, whatever

kada — every

otre — other, another

ol — all, the whole of

nul — no (whatever), none (whatever)

These elements combining with others (loko — place (the suffix "lok" means "place" too), taim — time, ves — time (instance), wan — an individual, komo — how, -sa — noun suffix) may produce compound pronouns and adverbs:

koysa — something

koywan — someone

koylok — somewhere

koytaim — "somewhen", sometime

koygrad — to some degree

koykomo — in some way

enisa — anything, whatever

eniwan — anybody, anyone, any (person)

enilok — anywhere

enitaim — anytime

enikomo — in any way

kadawan — everyone

kadalok — everywhere

oltaim — all the time, constantly

nullok — nowhere

nulgrad — not in the least

nulwan — nobody

nulves — not once, never

unves — once, one day

koyves — sometimes

otreves — next time, another time

enives — ever (at any time)

otrelok — in another place.

But there are also short, simple words for some concepts:

always — sempre

never — neva

nothing — nixa

everything — olo

all, everybody — oli.

Verbs

Verb types

There are two verb types:

i-verbs (type 1) and other verbs (type 2).

i-verbs are the verbs that end in consonant+i, e. g.:

vidi — to see

audi — to hear

fini — to finish

sidi — to sit

dumi — to think

fobisi — to frighten

pri — to like

chi — to eat

pi — to drink.

Monosyllabic i-verbs like pri, chi, pi constitute a specific subtype characterized by that in derivation their -i is always preserved, e. g.:

chi — chier, chiing

pi — pier, piing

(cf.: swimi — swimer, swiming).

Examples of type 2 verbs:

jan — to know

gun — to work

zun — to be occupied with, devote oneself to

shwo — to say, to speak

go — to go

yao — to want

lwo — to fall

flai — to fly

krai — to cry

prei — to pray

joi — to rejoice, be happy

jui — to enjoy, revel in

emploi — to employ

kontinu — to continue.

Verbs with prefixes fa- and mah-, which contain adjectives, are type 2 verbs too:

fa-syao — to diminish, become smaller (syao small)

fa-muhim — to become more important (muhim important)

mah-hao — make better, improve (hao good).

The main verb form

This is the only verb form that one has to memorize. It is used in all cases, with particles or adverbs added for clarity when needed.

Examples:

treba dumi — one should think

me (yu, ta, nu, yu, li) dumi — I (you, he/she, we, you, they) think

Dumi! — Think!

Me yao ke yu dumi hao om to. — I'd like you to think well about it (“I want that you think well about it”).

Tu samaji es tu pardoni. — To understand is to forgive.

Es taim fo samaji ke... — It's time to understand that...

Nu samaji se. — We understand this.

Samaji! — Understand!

Wud bi muy hao, si yu samaji ke... — It would be very good if you understand that…

Tu go a kino es hao. — It is good to go to the cinema.

Lu sal go a kino. — He is going to go to the cinema.

Lu go a kino. — He goes (or is going) to the cinema.

Go ahir! — Go here!

Me nadi ke yu go a kino. — I hope that you go to the cinema.

Negation is formed by means of the particle bu placed before a verb or tense particle:

Me bu samaji. — I don't understand.

Lu bu yao. — He doesn't want.

Bu go dar! — Don't go there!

Bu shwo ke yu bu jan-te! — Don't say that you didn't know!

Verb forms

Verb forms are basically the main verb form plus a particle before or after the verb. If a particle comes after the verb, it is written with a hyphen. Thus, the main verb form is always evident, and its stress is preserved.

Particles before the verb:

ve — future tense marker;

he — past tense marker

zai — marker of continuous aspect

wud — conditional marker

gwo — remote past tense marker (some time ago, earlier in life, have been to somewhere or used to do something)

sal — immediate future marker (to be about to do something.)

yus — immediate past marker (have just done something; the word yus means just)

gei — marks the passive of becoming.

Particles after the verb:

-te — past tense marker

-she — present active participle marker

-yen — verbal adverb marker, "while -ing"

-ney — passive participle marker, or (for intransitive verbs) past active participle marker.

Examples:

chi — to eat

ve chi — will eat

chi-te, he chi — ate or have eaten

zai chi — is eating

ve zai chi — will be eating

zai chi-te — was eating

ve he chi — will have eaten

he chi-te — had eaten

wud chi — would eat

wud chi-te — would have eaten

gei chi — is being eaten

ve gei chi — will be being eaten

gei-te chi — was being eaten

es chi-ney — is eaten

bin chi-ney — was eaten

ve bi chi-ney — will be eaten

chi-she — eating (active part.):

chi-she kota — the eating cat

chi-yen — (while) eating (verbal adverb)

afte chi — having eaten

gwo chi — used to eat, has experience of eating

sal chi — about to eat

yus chi-te — have just eaten.

Future tense

Examples:

me ve shwo — I shall say (speak)

nu ve go — we shall go

ela ve lekti — she will read

yu ve gun — you will work

ve pluvi — it will rain

me bu ve go — I won't go.

Past tense

There are 2 particles for the past tense: he (before verb) means the completed action, -te (after verb) means the past tense for any action, completed or not:

He pluvi. — It has rained (and stopped).

Pluvi-te. — It rained or It has rained or It has been raining.

When -te and he are used together, they are equal to the English past perfect tense:

Wen lu lai-te a dom, ela he kuki-te akshamfan — When he came home, she had cooked supper.

The combination of ve with he is equal to the English future perfect tense:

Wen lu ve lai a dom, ela ve he kuki akshamfan. — When he comes home, she will have cooked supper.

•   The verb "bi" to be is special, and it has the past form bin:

Wo yu bin? — Where were you? Where have you been?

Imperative mode

To stress the imperative meaning, or to make it clearer, the particle ‘ba’ may be used after verb:

Go ba dar! — Go there!

Kan ba hir! — Look here!

Nu go ba! — Let's go!

Nu begin ba! — Let's begin!

Ta lai ba! — Let him come!

There is also the particle ‘hay’ (‘may, let’) expressing a wish or permission:

Hay olo bi hao! — May everything be good!

Hay forsa bi kun yu! — May the force be with you!

Hay oni shwo to ke oni yao. — Let them say what they like.

The negative imperative is formed with 'bu' or with a special particle 'bye':

Bu go! Bu go ba! — Don't go!

Boh bye lasi! — God forbid!

Continuous aspect

It is marked by ‘zai’ before the verb:

Me zai go fon shop. — I am going from the shop.

Nau lu zai gun om se. — Now he is working on this.

Me zai go-te fon shop, wen me miti-te lu. — I was going from the shop when I met him.

Ob yu es libre manya klok dwa? Manya klok dwa me ve zai lekti kitabas in kitabaguan. — Are you free tomorrow at 2? Tomorrow at 2 I shall be reading books in the library.

The use of ‘zai’ is not obligatory. It is used only if the continuous aspect of action should be